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Thanks, Mike! Charlie Covell also responded to me off-list and indicated that the ♁ symbol is an archaic usage, indicating male. I have also seen ♃ (the sign for Jupiter) used in Hymenoptera publications to indicate caste of "major," "soldier," or "dinergate". I will probably include that when I print this handy sheet out. For example, Forel uses this symbol in his publications, see p. 205 under M. bombycinus https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__www.biodiversitylibrary.org_page_12278951&d=DwIFaQ&c=Cu5g146wZdoqVuKpTNsYHeFX_rg6kWhlkLF8Eft-wwo&r=-lUMCZ4RK28H4qvcd3vmEBuyVJHHG0OpDzFenR9wX-A&m=a58H_iVjJ598BAaPyz0xZXW0w_jGebLaiV8hStzSZPU&s=Uc9qaArl-JtmiQrvIk8RYyaS9fCYD81rleZ7Vkvjv44&e= . It is also explicitly stated in "British Ants: Their Life-history and Classification" on page 42 here: https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__www.biodiversitylibrary.org_page_16979668&d=DwIFaQ&c=Cu5g146wZdoqVuKpTNsYHeFX_rg6kWhlkLF8Eft-wwo&r=-lUMCZ4RK28H4qvcd3vmEBuyVJHHG0OpDzFenR9wX-A&m=a58H_iVjJ598BAaPyz0xZXW0w_jGebLaiV8hStzSZPU&s=C5d-4NXSRDR6VhKngxbt-cENWJz2fZjL-SwuKJOmC5w&e= On Wed, Apr 22, 2020 at 12:26 PM Mike Ferro <[log in to unmask]> wrote: > Print and put this on one of your Hymenoptera cabinets for future > generations. > > Feel free to add to or edit and re-share. > > Cheers, > > Mike > > On Mon, Apr 20, 2020 at 2:58 PM David Redei <[log in to unmask]> wrote: > >> Also: does the directionality of the symbol matter? It seems well agreed >>> that ♀ means "female." But if the symbol is turned upwards like so: ♁, >>> does it mean "male" or "female" ? >>> >> >> Yes, it matters. The "reverse female symbol" (a "+" on top of a circle) >> generally means male. So, if something is directed upwards, or obliquely >> upwards, either a little arrow, or a cross, that is generally male. >> Sometimes you can see some other solutions as well, e.g. consider this: >> https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__www.biodiversitylibrary.org_item_96704-23page_750_mode_1up&d=DwIFaQ&c=Cu5g146wZdoqVuKpTNsYHeFX_rg6kWhlkLF8Eft-wwo&r=-lUMCZ4RK28H4qvcd3vmEBuyVJHHG0OpDzFenR9wX-A&m=a58H_iVjJ598BAaPyz0xZXW0w_jGebLaiV8hStzSZPU&s=-tFFZ2n1hnw8pl40xrRFoTana3bitU7uHElFsAsw9A0&e= >> <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__www.biodiversitylibrary.org_item_96704-23page_750_mode_1up&d=DwMFaQ&c=Cu5g146wZdoqVuKpTNsYHeFX_rg6kWhlkLF8Eft-wwo&r=-lUMCZ4RK28H4qvcd3vmEBuyVJHHG0OpDzFenR9wX-A&m=0yaeOoAz_KbMqyXJ2M0acfotebiRU9Lnt89nBLG8hbI&s=RbQ4i6T8oUuheixiLOIMk8U14YhLQJDdvrl2ryfxde8&e=> >> In vol. 15, p. 264 for both Harpactor dudae and Edocla albipennis (and for >> many other spp. in the same article) you will see a small cross (x) placed >> obliquely right upwards to a circle. It superficially looks similar to a >> standard male symbol (Mars' spear, where the spear is directed obliquely >> upwards), but the spear/arrow itself is replaced by an "x" -- or if you >> have a careful look you will see that the "x" is in fact rather a "+" >> rotated by 45 degrees. This most certainly means a male (I studied all >> specimens mentioned in this paper, and all individuals referred to with >> this unusual symbol were turned out to be males). These strange solutions >> were usually used for technical reasons -- note that in the above linked >> issue the standard, arrow-like male symbol occurs abundantly in the first >> several pages up to p. 256, but from that point they were fully replaced by >> the "circle and x" male symbols up to the end of the issue. The printing >> company apparently did not have enough metal letters (so-called *sorts >> or types*, cf. "*type*setting") for the male symbol (a rather unusual, >> rarely used symbol, which was however needed in a big amount for taxonomic >> publications like this one), therefore after he ran out of the available >> sorts, the typesetter replaced it with a circle and a closely placed "+" >> (rotated by 45 degrees) sort on the printing form. >> >> With best regards, David Redei >> >> On Tue, 21 Apr 2020 at 01:38, Rachel Hawkins <[log in to unmask]> >> wrote: >> >>> Also: does the directionality of the symbol matter? It seems well agreed >>> that ♀ means "female." But if the symbol is turned upwards like so: ♁, >>> does it mean "male" or "female" ? >>> >>> >>> On Mon, Apr 20, 2020 at 12:59 PM Rachel Hawkins < >>> [log in to unmask]> wrote: >>> >>>> Aha! Jason, this is exactly the sort of thing I was hoping to find. >>>> >>>> The entry on "sex" is also illuminating: >>>> https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__www.biodiversitylibrary.org_page_1330748&d=DwIFaQ&c=Cu5g146wZdoqVuKpTNsYHeFX_rg6kWhlkLF8Eft-wwo&r=-lUMCZ4RK28H4qvcd3vmEBuyVJHHG0OpDzFenR9wX-A&m=a58H_iVjJ598BAaPyz0xZXW0w_jGebLaiV8hStzSZPU&s=dup_ceOf8YqhNPByvUZ20CFHj2ZCHlkSOwOBObTHx5Q&e= >>>> <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__www.biodiversitylibrary.org_page_1330748&d=DwMFaQ&c=Cu5g146wZdoqVuKpTNsYHeFX_rg6kWhlkLF8Eft-wwo&r=-lUMCZ4RK28H4qvcd3vmEBuyVJHHG0OpDzFenR9wX-A&m=vJ81TAxHW0CuA09aIqz_0B1FeW_VuOFQp853A-czT60&s=DU1lgnDFlfZ7LHWBKLxcMgcRSpPJpnTSjYzlD7wgl4k&e=> >>>> "Sex: as a number, six: the physical difference between male and >>>> female: usually indicated by the sign of Mars (♂) for male, and Venus (♀) >>>> for female ; workers or undeveloped females have the sign of Venus without >>>> the cross line ..., or a combination of the two others ( ☿ )." >>>> >>>> On Mon, Apr 20, 2020 at 12:53 PM Jason Gibbs <[log in to unmask]> >>>> wrote: >>>> >>>>> Smith (1906) Explanation of terms used in entomology. Brooklyn >>>>> Entomological Society, page 88. >>>>> >>>>> >>>>> >>>>> https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__www.biodiversitylibrary.org_item_16806-23page_102_mode_1up&d=DwIFaQ&c=Cu5g146wZdoqVuKpTNsYHeFX_rg6kWhlkLF8Eft-wwo&r=-lUMCZ4RK28H4qvcd3vmEBuyVJHHG0OpDzFenR9wX-A&m=a58H_iVjJ598BAaPyz0xZXW0w_jGebLaiV8hStzSZPU&s=wbRDIshlrujRoloH5SwSpFMdP8aQR4n33RnkYYV6IoY&e= >>>>> <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__www.biodiversitylibrary.org_item_16806-23page_102_mode_1up&d=DwMGaQ&c=Cu5g146wZdoqVuKpTNsYHeFX_rg6kWhlkLF8Eft-wwo&r=-lUMCZ4RK28H4qvcd3vmEBuyVJHHG0OpDzFenR9wX-A&m=TLJRC--5vRozM9EL60Zz1eHeSMNTixuF3oZhPgj4tpY&s=5m3st8FNvjCeGIaG8zGynUEqm14U3tevlioQCc0MmFg&e=> >>>>> >>>>> >>>>> >>>>> Under ‘neuter’ includes the mercury symbol (with the little horns) and >>>>> an imperfect Venus symbol (missing the horizontal line of the cross) to >>>>> represent workers. >>>>> >>>>> >>>>> >>>>> Jason Gibbs >>>>> Assistant Professor >>>>> Department of Entomology >>>>> Curator, J. B. Wallis / R. E. Roughley Museum of Entomology >>>>> University of Manitoba >>>>> 12 Dafoe Rd., >>>>> >>>>> Animal Science/Entomology Bldg. Rm. 213 >>>>> Winnipeg, MB, Canada >>>>> R3T 2N2 >>>>> Phone: (204) 474-7485 >>>>> >>>>> >>>>> >>>>> *From:* Entomological Collections Network Listserve < >>>>> [log in to unmask]> *On Behalf Of *Tommy McElrath >>>>> *Sent:* April 20, 2020 11:17 AM >>>>> *To:* [log in to unmask] >>>>> *Subject:* Re: Sex determination symbols >>>>> >>>>> >>>>> >>>>> *Caution:* This message was sent from outside the University of >>>>> Manitoba. >>>>> >>>>> >>>>> >>>>> Rachel, >>>>> >>>>> I would love to get an actual reference for this as well. We have many >>>>> bee specimens at INHS with the “☿” symbol that I had to double check >>>>> was “worker/non-reproductive female”. As a coleopterist, when I started at >>>>> INHS, it was first time coming across the symbol, and it will doubtless be >>>>> unfamiliar to many students and volunteers who work in the collection, or >>>>> with people who are transcribing determination labels. >>>>> >>>>> >>>>> >>>>> *--* >>>>> >>>>> *TOMMY MCELRATH* >>>>> *Insect Collection Manager* >>>>> >>>>> Illinois Natural History Survey >>>>> Prairie Research Institute >>>>> University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign >>>>> 1816 S. Oak Street | M/C 652 >>>>> Champaign, IL 61820 >>>>> 217-300-5938 | [log in to unmask] >>>>> insect.inhs.illinois.edu >>>>> <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__insect.inhs.illinois.edu_&d=DwMFaQ&c=Cu5g146wZdoqVuKpTNsYHeFX_rg6kWhlkLF8Eft-wwo&r=-lUMCZ4RK28H4qvcd3vmEBuyVJHHG0OpDzFenR9wX-A&m=1UFz1k6Lw_woKMepPXpAaeszGN76eoKnZ129V-iKNsg&s=bG9yNPcW9v54ikGPErnb2Mta31_0zTg4EzsIbhiIdsI&e=> >>>>> >>>>> [image: facebook] >>>>> <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__www.facebook.com_INHSInsects_&d=DwMFaQ&c=Cu5g146wZdoqVuKpTNsYHeFX_rg6kWhlkLF8Eft-wwo&r=-lUMCZ4RK28H4qvcd3vmEBuyVJHHG0OpDzFenR9wX-A&m=1UFz1k6Lw_woKMepPXpAaeszGN76eoKnZ129V-iKNsg&s=xBT8N9OA7avvgAXylXh-xVrGSvw17iszpi1Ugtyvtf8&e=> >>>>> [image: instagram] >>>>> <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__www.instagram.com_inhsinsects_&d=DwMFaQ&c=Cu5g146wZdoqVuKpTNsYHeFX_rg6kWhlkLF8Eft-wwo&r=-lUMCZ4RK28H4qvcd3vmEBuyVJHHG0OpDzFenR9wX-A&m=1UFz1k6Lw_woKMepPXpAaeszGN76eoKnZ129V-iKNsg&s=IxgSQAaTMlFB3WEBCTvfCW6YAdkadX7mibBdgQx2mAE&e=> >>>>> >>>>> >>>>> >>>>> <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=http-3A__illinois.edu_&d=DwMFaQ&c=Cu5g146wZdoqVuKpTNsYHeFX_rg6kWhlkLF8Eft-wwo&r=-lUMCZ4RK28H4qvcd3vmEBuyVJHHG0OpDzFenR9wX-A&m=1UFz1k6Lw_woKMepPXpAaeszGN76eoKnZ129V-iKNsg&s=2SKdUjZMkACZOiFnjCESfjC8HzdXMUV9d5Q21HoWRIE&e=> >>>>> >>>>> *Under the Illinois Freedom of Information Act any written >>>>> communication to or from university employees regarding university business >>>>> is a public record and may be subject to public disclosure. * >>>>> >>>>> >>>>> >>>>> On Apr 20, 2020, at 11:10 AM, Rachel Hawkins <[log in to unmask]> >>>>> wrote: >>>>> >>>>> >>>>> >>>>> Does anyone have a good reference source on the different types of sex >>>>> determination symbols or caste determination symbols that are used in >>>>> entomological collections? We've come across some older variations and want >>>>> to make sure we are interpreting them consistently. >>>>> >>>>> >>>>> >>>>> For example: does this refer to male or female? ♁ >>>>> >>>>> >>>>> >>>>> I know there are some specific conventions in social insects as well >>>>> and would be interested to hear from those folks as well. >>>>> >>>>> >>>>> >>>>> To be clear, I'm asking about symbols like ♂, ♀, ☿, ♃, etc. (many of >>>>> which can also be found depicted here: >>>>> https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Planet-5Fsymbols&d=DwIFaQ&c=Cu5g146wZdoqVuKpTNsYHeFX_rg6kWhlkLF8Eft-wwo&r=-lUMCZ4RK28H4qvcd3vmEBuyVJHHG0OpDzFenR9wX-A&m=a58H_iVjJ598BAaPyz0xZXW0w_jGebLaiV8hStzSZPU&s=HTOjUc_Z2j9QyE8OcUun1FEgUcNJAIjLEE18FU5b4MI&e= >>>>> <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Planet-5Fsymbols&d=DwMFaQ&c=Cu5g146wZdoqVuKpTNsYHeFX_rg6kWhlkLF8Eft-wwo&r=-lUMCZ4RK28H4qvcd3vmEBuyVJHHG0OpDzFenR9wX-A&m=F_Gt5Sv53a-t_-mqGHfB9ul5u_m25auJSGckxmo2n7s&s=XLXwYV-scIfQwZ9mt-HsuhjsCCtuk6Ny1Qzn-GPnvRQ&e=> >>>>> ) >>>>> >>>>> >>>>> >>>>> Thanks! >>>>> >>>>> Rachel >>>>> >>>>> >>>>> -- >>>>> >>>>> Rachel L. Hawkins >>>>> >>>>> >>>>> >>>>> Curatorial Assistant >>>>> >>>>> Entomology Dept. and Pierce Lab >>>>> >>>>> Museum of Comparative Zoology >>>>> >>>>> Harvard University >>>>> >>>>> 26 Oxford St. >>>>> >>>>> Cambridge MA 02138 >>>>> >>>>> >>>>> >>>> >>>> >>>> -- >>>> Rachel L. Hawkins >>>> >>>> Curatorial Assistant >>>> Entomology Dept. and Pierce Lab >>>> Museum of Comparative Zoology >>>> Harvard University >>>> 26 Oxford St. >>>> Cambridge MA 02138 >>>> >>> >>> >>> -- >>> Rachel L. Hawkins >>> >>> Curatorial Assistant >>> Entomology Dept. and Pierce Lab >>> Museum of Comparative Zoology >>> Harvard University >>> 26 Oxford St. >>> Cambridge MA 02138 >>> >> > > -- > Michael L. Ferro > Collection Manager, Clemson University Arthropod Collection (CUAC) > Dept. of Plant and Environmental Sciences > 277 Poole Agricultural Center > Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0310 > OFFICE: 307 Long Hall > [log in to unmask] (preferred) > [log in to unmask] > https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__sites.google.com_site_clemsonarthropodcollection_&d=DwIFaQ&c=Cu5g146wZdoqVuKpTNsYHeFX_rg6kWhlkLF8Eft-wwo&r=-lUMCZ4RK28H4qvcd3vmEBuyVJHHG0OpDzFenR9wX-A&m=a58H_iVjJ598BAaPyz0xZXW0w_jGebLaiV8hStzSZPU&s=8k-pzsZfdlkD7BB5BWeuGbVIj4Rnv6Di1f_DupJPIVk&e= > <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__sites.google.com_site_clemsonarthropodcollection_&d=DwMFaQ&c=Cu5g146wZdoqVuKpTNsYHeFX_rg6kWhlkLF8Eft-wwo&r=-lUMCZ4RK28H4qvcd3vmEBuyVJHHG0OpDzFenR9wX-A&m=2-sTOjXexUh-Py8TWCYF3UdpTx6xEfQTm8DGwGl0WDE&s=XKZULBEHfjCApUGX11Y8yfvjgdEkTimCcGlqut1IO_g&e=> > Subject Editor: The Coleopterists Bulletin; Insecta Mundi > Residue Photos: > https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__photos.app.goo.gl_EVknqBNJO28tfcHg2&d=DwIFaQ&c=Cu5g146wZdoqVuKpTNsYHeFX_rg6kWhlkLF8Eft-wwo&r=-lUMCZ4RK28H4qvcd3vmEBuyVJHHG0OpDzFenR9wX-A&m=a58H_iVjJ598BAaPyz0xZXW0w_jGebLaiV8hStzSZPU&s=lJLEB-LTGD1y7wspV24O3LbqGlzgiQtQhgpAoOIxCko&e= > <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__photos.app.goo.gl_EVknqBNJO28tfcHg2&d=DwMFaQ&c=Cu5g146wZdoqVuKpTNsYHeFX_rg6kWhlkLF8Eft-wwo&r=-lUMCZ4RK28H4qvcd3vmEBuyVJHHG0OpDzFenR9wX-A&m=2-sTOjXexUh-Py8TWCYF3UdpTx6xEfQTm8DGwGl0WDE&s=ngPqG4L5aBPNryEmI4GrYwQIJ9nur9dMKjd9sJS0e8I&e=> > https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__photos.app.goo.gl_KWJY6VHoFybAq8FL2&d=DwIFaQ&c=Cu5g146wZdoqVuKpTNsYHeFX_rg6kWhlkLF8Eft-wwo&r=-lUMCZ4RK28H4qvcd3vmEBuyVJHHG0OpDzFenR9wX-A&m=a58H_iVjJ598BAaPyz0xZXW0w_jGebLaiV8hStzSZPU&s=f5yBzXQCcDWQfqoYrVKYmQlP3-YFv8hiwz6_dxuEhAQ&e= > <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__photos.app.goo.gl_KWJY6VHoFybAq8FL2&d=DwMFaQ&c=Cu5g146wZdoqVuKpTNsYHeFX_rg6kWhlkLF8Eft-wwo&r=-lUMCZ4RK28H4qvcd3vmEBuyVJHHG0OpDzFenR9wX-A&m=2-sTOjXexUh-Py8TWCYF3UdpTx6xEfQTm8DGwGl0WDE&s=FBBBh7QQpQCDUWYIPiWS8VjB63zD9tlFC5pw9i20qfI&e=> > -- Rachel L. Hawkins Curatorial Assistant Entomology Dept. and Pierce Lab Museum of Comparative Zoology Harvard University 26 Oxford St. Cambridge MA 02138